Database And Eloquent ORM

Last modified on: September 4, 2025

<h1 data-start="137" data-end="180">🚀 Database and Eloquent ORM in Laravel</h1>
<p data-start="182" data-end="254">Laravel provides a <strong data-start="201" data-end="228">powerful database layer</strong> with two main features:</p>
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<p data-start="259" data-end="331"><strong data-start="259" data-end="276">Query Builder</strong> &ndash; Fluent, chainable syntax for building SQL queries.</p>
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<p data-start="335" data-end="463"><strong data-start="335" data-end="378">Eloquent ORM (Object Relational Mapper)</strong> &ndash; Active Record implementation for interacting with database tables as <strong data-start="450" data-end="460">models</strong>.</p>
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<p data-start="465" data-end="584">Eloquent makes database interaction <strong data-start="501" data-end="537">simple, readable, and expressive</strong>, reducing the need to write raw SQL queries.</p>
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<h2 data-start="591" data-end="624">🔹 1. Database Configuration</h2>
<p data-start="626" data-end="672">Database settings are stored in <code data-start="658" data-end="664">.env</code> file:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=laravel_app
DB_USERNAME=root
DB_PASSWORD=</code></pre>
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<p data-start="791" data-end="855">➡️ Laravel supports <strong data-start="811" data-end="852">MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL Server</strong>.</p>
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<h2 data-start="862" data-end="900">🔹 2. Running Database Migrations</h2>
<p data-start="902" data-end="947">Migrations = version control for databases.</p>
<p data-start="949" data-end="968">Create migration:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>php artisan make:migration create_users_table</code></pre>
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<p data-start="1029" data-end="1049">Example migration:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>public function up()
{
    Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table-&gt;id();
        $table-&gt;string('name');
        $table-&gt;string('email')-&gt;unique();
        $table-&gt;timestamps();
    });
}</code></pre>
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<p data-start="1281" data-end="1298">Run migrations:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>php artisan migrate</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="1338" data-end="1368">🔹 3. Eloquent ORM Basics</h2>
<p data-start="1370" data-end="1399">Each table has a <strong data-start="1387" data-end="1396">Model</strong>.</p>
<p data-start="1401" data-end="1436">📂 Example: <code data-start="1413" data-end="1434">app/Models/User.php</code></p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class User extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['name', 'email'];
}</code></pre>
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<p data-start="1588" data-end="1678">➡️ Table name &rarr; <code data-start="1604" data-end="1611">users</code> (plural form by convention).<br data-start="1640" data-end="1643" />➡️ Primary key &rarr; <code data-start="1660" data-end="1664">id</code> by default.</p>
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<h2 data-start="1685" data-end="1718">🔹 4. Eloquent CRUD Examples</h2>
<h3 data-start="1720" data-end="1739">✅ Insert Data</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$user = new User;
$user-&gt;name = 'Amit';
$user-&gt;email = 'amit@example.com';
$user-&gt;save();</code></pre>
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<p data-start="1843" data-end="1864">Or Mass Assignment:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>User::create([
    'name' =&gt; 'Rahul',
    'email' =&gt; 'rahul@example.com'
]);</code></pre>
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<h3 data-start="1960" data-end="1981">✅ Retrieve Data</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$users = User::all();   // Get all users
$user = User::find(1);  // Find by ID
$user = User::where('email', 'amit@example.com')-&gt;first();</code></pre>
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<h3 data-start="2138" data-end="2157">✅ Update Data</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$user = User::find(1);
$user-&gt;name = 'Amit Kumar';
$user-&gt;save();</code></pre>
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<p data-start="2237" data-end="2242">Or:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>User::where('id', 1)-&gt;update(['name' =&gt; 'Updated Name']);</code></pre>
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<h3 data-start="2319" data-end="2338">✅ Delete Data</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$user = User::find(1);
$user-&gt;delete();</code></pre>
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<p data-start="2392" data-end="2397">Or:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>User::destroy(1);</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="2434" data-end="2467">🔹 5. Query Builder Examples</h2>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$users = DB::table('users')-&gt;where('status', 'active')-&gt;get();

$userCount = DB::table('users')-&gt;count();

DB::table('users')-&gt;insert(['name' =&gt; 'Sita', 'email' =&gt; 'sita@example.com']);</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="2672" data-end="2708">🔹 6. Relationships in Eloquent</h2>
<p data-start="2710" data-end="2769">Eloquent makes it easy to define <strong data-start="2743" data-end="2766">table relationships</strong>.</p>
<h3 data-start="2771" data-end="2789">✅ One to One</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>class User extends Model {
    public function phone() {
        return $this-&gt;hasOne(Phone::class);
    }
}</code></pre>
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<h3 data-start="2912" data-end="2931">✅ One to Many</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>class Post extends Model {
    public function comments() {
        return $this-&gt;hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
}</code></pre>
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<h3 data-start="3060" data-end="3080">✅ Many to Many</h3>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>class Student extends Model {
    public function courses() {
        return $this-&gt;belongsToMany(Course::class);
    }
}</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="3221" data-end="3261">🔹 7. Eloquent Accessors &amp; Mutators</h2>
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<p data-start="3265" data-end="3310"><strong data-start="3265" data-end="3277">Accessor</strong> &rarr; format data when retrieving.</p>
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<p data-start="3313" data-end="3355"><strong data-start="3313" data-end="3324">Mutator</strong> &rarr; modify data before saving.</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>class User extends Model {
    public function getNameAttribute($value) {
        return ucfirst($value);
    }

public function setEmailAttribute($value) {
        $this-&gt;attributes['email'] = strtolower($value);
    }
}</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="3600" data-end="3626">🔹 8. Eloquent Scopes</h2>
<p data-start="3628" data-end="3651">Reusable query logic.</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>class User extends Model {
    public function scopeActive($query) {
        return $query-&gt;where('status', 'active');
    }
}</code></pre>
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<p data-start="3792" data-end="3800">Usage:</p>
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<pre class="language-php"><code>$users = User::active()-&gt;get();</code></pre>
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<h2 data-start="3851" data-end="3866">📌 Summary</h2>
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<p data-start="3870" data-end="3914"><strong data-start="3870" data-end="3884">Migrations</strong> &rarr; database version control.</p>
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<p data-start="3917" data-end="3967"><strong data-start="3917" data-end="3933">Eloquent ORM</strong> &rarr; model-based data interaction.</p>
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<p data-start="3970" data-end="4016"><strong data-start="3970" data-end="3978">CRUD</strong> operations &rarr; simple and expressive.</p>
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<p data-start="4019" data-end="4079"><strong data-start="4019" data-end="4036">Relationships</strong> &rarr; one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many.</p>
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<p data-start="4082" data-end="4145"><strong data-start="4082" data-end="4117">Accessors, Mutators, and Scopes</strong> &rarr; powerful customization.</p>
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<p data-start="4147" data-end="4224">Laravel&rsquo;s Eloquent makes database handling <strong data-start="4190" data-end="4221">easier, faster, and cleaner</strong>.</p>

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